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替代能源resources have been the focus of global interest in order to identify sustainable energy sources for the last 20 to 30 years. Alternative energy sources based on wind, solar,水电功率and biomass, etc are considered to be renewable and a climate change solution. With increasing awareness for global warming, renewable resources received special attention in the developed countries during the last few decades and recently in many other countries. Being considered to be the pioneering renewable energy source hydroelectric power is an efficient and reliable technology among other renewable energy systems. Presently, small hydro涡轮机被认为是市场上最有前途的农村电气化系统之一。随着可再生能源的供电需求持续趋势正在远离传统的大型发电厂到小型本地发电机（KW到MW的）直接占当地的消费者，因此重大未开发水电微水力发电系列的能力在全球需求中增长。
因此，土耳其政府通过了立法，允许私人投资者在2000年代初开始构建和运营水力发电厂，旨在提高大量利用微水力功率potential, and conforming the principle of "generate your own electricity" by using local water resources. Currently, over 2000 small hydro electric power plants are under construction. Private investors mainly target water resources ranging in the 1-30 MW range. Additionally, even if total hydro capacity of the country beyond 1MW is realized; there will be an unharnessed 30-40 % capacity scattered in small creeks and streams.
微水电力量
A.目前，土耳其的潜力和政府政策目前，由于增加社会和经济发展，土耳其电力能源需求迅速增加。该国总发电的外国能源投入份额非常高。因此，国家规划组织（DPT）支持公共电网，促进可再生能源项目，以增加可持续能源供应的安全，并提供与替代可再生有关的技术信息
能源生成和促进项目与私营部门投资的合作。
鉴于官方报告，在最近的几项研究中评估了土耳其长期电能需求的预测，水电潜力的技术和经济可行性。The evaluation results show that Turkey’s hydro power capacity is significant as a cost effective sustainable energy resource and estimated hydropower potential according to three different scenarios evaluated by General Directorate of State Hydraulics Works (DSI) can meet nearly 33 %, 38 % and 46 % of Turkey’s total electric energy demand in 2020. In hydro power potential, small hydro power sources have been found significant by DPT. Based on this prediction it is claimed that Turkey will provide significant part of its domestic electric energy demand from its own hydro power resources.
The main developments in Turkey came in 2005 with the passing of the Renewable Energy Law 5346 a policy which aimed to encourage investment in renewable technologies by guaranteeing projects a seven-year (amended to 10 years by Energy Productivity Law 5627). Renewable projects were also offered an 85% discount on the purchase of government land and priority connection to the transmission grid. An important distinction for investors was that the law defined river- or canal-type projects in three categories i) less than 50 MW, or a hydropower plant with a reservoir volume of less than ii) 100 million square meters or iii) a surface area of less than 15 km 2, as a renewable project. Larger hydropower projects were not eligible for the benefits offered by law 5627.
On the other hand ongoing trends with small distributed generation resources such as photovoltaic (PV), heat and power, micro hydro power or others types of generators are leading to new technical requirements for operation and energy management. Therefore, new regulations and guidelines are needed to determine utilization of distributed generation system. These new regulations were declared without common concern by governments such as Japan, some European and other countries. However this issue is currently on the Turkish government agenda, but studies are at present incomplete and regulations are undeclared by official authorities. Hence, new research and development regarding to evaluation of technical guide lines are essential in order to utilize renewable energy resources.
B. Micro Hydro Power
Hydro-turbines convert water pressure into mechanical shaft power which can be used to rotate generators to produce electricity. The power on the turbine shaft is proportional to the product of pressure head and water discharge. Although micro hydro turbines are currently sold for a variety of both commercial and domestic uses; but still there is much need for cost effective small sized (under 500kw) hydro turbines for increasing and facilitating the utilization of micro hydro potential by the suppliers and consumer societies located near the sites that are suitable for own electricity generation. Difficulties encountered in developing micro hydro systems depend on the following three factors: i) site location i.e. access due to remote locations, ii) investment costs i.e. depending on site specific location and equipment requirements and finally iii) human resources i.e. limited in rural areas for plant management and ongoing operation. The main advantages are expected to be reduced maintenance costs and the option of remote control of power production.
Another issue is that to date, there is not an official internationally agreed definition of ‘small’, “mini” and micro hydro power ranges; however, there are alternative suggestions for distributed generation. In Turkey, the upper limit is accepted as 50 MW for small hydro power systems and Turbines up to 200 kW (micro turbines). One alternative suggestion for definition of hydro power ranges is as follows:
大量饲喂大电网100多兆瓦
小水力：1-15兆瓦通常喂入网格
Mini-Hydro：高于100 kW，但低于1兆瓦，无论是单独的单独方案，通常会喂养进入网格
Micro-hydro: Between 5-100kW, usually providing power for a small community or remote industrial areas away from the grid.
Pico-hydro: From a few hundred watts up to 5kW for remote areas away from the grid.
