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该电动generator将涡轮机的机械能转换成电能。发电机的两个主要部件是转子和定子。转子是旋转组件，旋转组件施加涡轮轴的机械扭矩。通过磁化或“激励”转子，在固定部件，定子中诱导电压。发电机的主要控制机构是激励器 - 调节器，其设置并稳定输出电压。除涡轮机选择的发电机的速度由涡轮机选择确定，除了用速度更高时换档。通常，对于固定的功率值，速度的降低将增加发电机的物理尺寸和成本。
发电机的位置和方向受涡轮机类型和涡轮机取向的因素的影响。例如，用于灯泡型涡轮机的发电机位于灯泡本身内。通常需要水平发电机small涡轮机尤。管涡轮机和带止动轴承的垂直轴发电机适用于垂直涡轮机安装。
通过使空气通过定子和转子线圈通过空气来完成发电机上的常规冷却。旋转转子上的风扇刀片辅助空气流动。对于较大的发电机（高于5MVA容量）并且取决于机器的卷绕绝缘的温度上升限制，通过将空气通过表面空气冷却器来辅助冷却，这具有作为冷却介质的循环的水。与网格相互连接的大型发电机应符合中央电力管理局（CEA）发布的网格标准（相关提取物附属为附件-1）。
大凸极水电通过以下考虑因素约束，用于安装最多1970的发电机。定子和转子的绝缘系统是B类绝缘，有机粘合材料允许较低的温度升高。用于转子轮辋冲孔等的材料所需限制转子的直径，以便以逃逸速度允许操作。轴承装置：支撑在重型支架上的顶部推力和引导轴承，其能够支撑总发生器重量，底部引导轴承为所有水力发电机，包括慢速大发电机，该大发电机构成大多数大型水力发电机。这导致了机器和建筑的高成本。
Shaft mounted excitation systems were slow and unable to meet the requirements of quick response required from large generators feeding large modern grid systems. Stability requirements for long distance transmission lines required to feed distant load centre/grids was achieved by manipulating reactances, excitation response ratio and flywheel effect. This resulted in larges size of the machine. Grids were small and there was no stringent requirement for voltage and frequency variation.
图9.1中示出了具有顶止推力和引导轴承和底部引导轴承的Bhakra左岸机（100mVA; 166.7 rpm）的典型剖面布置和底部引导轴承。
Smally Hydro通常安装以馈送偏远区域并以孤立模式工作。水力涡轮机（慢速）直接耦合到高成本慢速发电机。手动操作水电站。负荷的发展非常差。由于负载因素低，安装成本高，运行成本非常高，小水力变得非常不经济。
Modern Large Hydro Generator Hydraulic turbines driven generators for hydro plant above 5 MW are salient pole synchronous alternating current machines. Large salient pole generators are relatively slow speed machines in the range 80-375 rpm
with large number of rotor poles. These generators are specifically designed. These salient pole hydro generators interconnected with large grids have undergone considerable changes over time which has resulted in reducing size of hydro generators considerably from the electrical and mechanical point of view. Development in the following areas is most prominent.
i)Insulation system for stator and rotor winding
II）改进的材料
iii)Ventilation and cooling system
iv）先进的制造技术
大电网需要特别设计的v)的形成consideration for operation and stability.
现场操作条件
Rated operation condition be specified as follows: If site operating conditions are deviating from these values, correction may be applied.
Maximum Ambient Temperature Steady State duty: Salient-pole open ventilated air-cooled synchronous generators operate successfully when and where the temperature of the cooling air does not exceed 400 C.
凸极完全封闭的水到空气冷却（水）同步发电机成功运行，当机器或热交换器的入口处的二次冷却液温度不超过250℃时运行成功。
If the cooling air temperature (ambient) exceeds 400 C, or cooling water temperature exceeds 250 C then maximum allowable temperature based on temperature rise on reference temperature (400 /250 C) of the insulation class be specified instead of temperature.
操作现场空气的最小温度为-150℃，机器安装和运行或休息可断电。
注意：如果预期与上述不同的温度。制造商应了解实际现场条件。
Generators: Generators should operate successfully at rated MVA, frequency, power factor, and terminal voltage. Generators at other service conditions should be specified with the standards of performance established at rated conditions.
海拔高度：海拔高度不超过1000米。适用于在海拔超过1000米的地点进行操作的机器。应该特别带出来。
负载的开始和应用数量：预期没有。开始和最大MVA，电源和无功载荷的变化率是制造商在机器设计中考虑的要求。在峰值站的情况下必须识别起始方法。
Variation from rated voltage and frequency: Generators should be thermally capable of continuous operation within the capability of their reactive capability curves over the ranges of ± 5 % in voltage and ±2 % in frequency.
Voltage and Frequency Limits for Generators
正常的紧急情况
电压限制±5％±5％至±8％频率限值±2％+ 2％至+ 3％; - 2％至 - 5％
a）随着工作点远离电压和频率的额定值，组件的总温度的温度升高可能逐渐增加。在发电机的反应能力曲线的极限附近的输出的连续操作（图9.3）可能导致其在其正常速率大约为六倍的时间达到龄的绝缘。
B）发电机还能够在其反应性能力曲线的范围内能够在频率的范围内的频率范围内运行，从而进一步减少绝缘寿命。
c) To minimize the reduction of the generator’s lifetime due to the effect of temperature and temperature differentials, operation outside the above limits should be limited in extent, duration, and frequency of occurrence. The output should be reduced or other corrective measures taken as soon as practicable.
d) The boundaries as defined result in the magnetic circuits of the generator to be over fluxed under fluxed by no more than 5%.
e) The machine may be unstable or margins of stability may be reduced under some of the operating conditions mentioned in ‘a’ above. Excitation margins may also be reduced under these operating
conditions.
f）随着工作频率远离额定频率移动，发生器外部的效果可能变得重要，并且需要考虑。例如，涡轮机制造商将指定涡轮机可以操作的频率范围和相应的时段，并且应考虑辅助设备在电压和频率范围内操作的能力。
g) Operation over a still wider range of voltage and frequency, if required, should be subject to agreement between the purchaser and the manufacturer and need to be specifically brought out in tender specification.
Transient and Emergency Duty Requirements
A generator confirming to these guidelines will be suitable for withstanding exposure to transient event and emergency duty imposed on a generator because of power system faults.
Sudden short circuit at the generator terminals: A generator should be capable of withstanding, without injury, a 30 second, 3 phase short circuit at its terminals when operating at rated MVA and power factor and at 5% over voltage, with fixed excitation. The machine shall also be capable of withstanding, without injury, any other short circuit at its terminals of 30s duration or less in accordance with IEEE C 50. 12-2005. Generator circuit breaker needs to be selected accordingly.
a. Generators be designed to be fit for service without inspection or repair after synchronizing that is within the limits given below:
i) Breaker closing angle ±10%
ii) Generator voltage relative to system 0% to +5%
iii) Frequency difference ±0.067 Hz
Additional information on synchronizing practices can be found in IEEE std. C37. 102TM- 1995.
湾错误的同步是在上面给出的限制之外的同步。在某些系统条件下，错误的同步可能会导致超过突然短路经历的持续时间的强度，短的持续时间和扭矩。这些电流和扭矩可能会对发电机造成损坏。
C。应设计发电机，使得在故障同步后立即跳过离线后，它们能够从同步速度下降到停止。应在事件后判断为必要时检查已受到故障同步的任何发生器是否有必要进行损坏和修复。在将发电机返回服务之前，应校正任何用于定子绕组支撑和阻塞以及耦合螺栓，联轴器和转子轴的任何变形。即使经过严重的相位同步进行修理，也应该预期重复较小的严重错误同步可能导致组件进一步恶化。
天。应当注意，最严重的故障同步，例如1800或1200与无限总线具有低系统电抗的系统的相同步，可能需要定子的部分或完全倒带，或者广泛或更换转子或两者。检查同步继电器和自动同步设备是否需要相应设置。通常同步关闭角度保持±7％。短时伏特/赫兹变体：制造商应提供安全的短时伏特/赫兹能力的曲线。确定不应运行机器的过度通量的水平，以避免可能的机器故障。除非另有说明，否则曲线施加小于10分钟的时间间隔。
